1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy

The 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy, features a low silhouette, a flat-hood and a slat-grille incorporating the headlights within the body for protection. GP-No. 1 remains almost entirely unrestored. Photo courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum/John Omenski

The Historic Vehicle Association (HVA) declared the 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy as the eighth vehicle to be recorded under the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Heritage Documentation. The documentation will be part of the HVA's National Historic Vehicle Register and the Historic American Engineering Record that is permanently archived in the Library of Congress. The documentation is part of an ongoing collaboration between the Historic Vehicle Association and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage Documentation Programs to document historically significant automobiles, trucks and motorcycles. Principle funding for the documentation of the 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy has been provided by Shell Lubricants and Hagerty.

Experience the interactive: Multimedia News Release

The 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy, during initial testing after delivery to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps at Camp Holabird in Baltimore on 23 November 1940. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum)

It is said that "success has many fathers" and so it was in the case of the U.S. military "1/4 ton, four-wheel-drive reconnaissance truck" that became popularly known as the "jeep." In June 1940, the U.S. Army sought to develop an agile lightweight vehicle to facilitate infantry and other troop movements. The principle initial parties involved were the U.S. Army; American Bantam Car Company (Butler, Pennsylvania); Willys-Overland Motor Co., Inc. (Toledo, Ohio); and later the Ford Motor Company (Detroit).

The interior of the 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy is sparse and utilitarian. Like much of GP-No .1, is almost entirely unrestored. The steering wheel differs from the three-spoke unit GP-No. 1 was originally equipped with, as it broke during military testing. The current two-spoke steering wheel was fitted for the remaining testing in 1940. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum/John Omenski)

The first prototype "pilot model" was produced by American Bantam and delivered to Camp Holabird in Baltimore on Sep. 23, 1940. Willys-Overland and Ford were able to observe the American Bantam pilot prior to completing their pilot models. On Nov. 11, 1940 Willys-Overland delivered the first of two "Quad" prototype pilot models. On Nov. 23, 1940, the Ford Motor Company delivered two "Pygmy" prototype pilot models - the first with a Ford body (serial number GP-No. 1) and the second (serial number GP-No. 2) with a body produced by the Edwin G. Budd Manufacturing Co. (Philadelphia). Of the five pilot models produced by the three manufacturers only the two Ford pilot models are known to survive making the Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 America's oldest known "jeep."

Retired U.S. Army Lieutenant General Roger C. Schultz, President, Army Historical Foundation said: "the jeep was pivotal during WWII; became an indispensable part of the U.S. Army efforts for decades; quickly transitioned to civilian use; and became a global icon for America. GP-No. 1, the oldest known jeep, is worthy to be recognized as an important American cultural treasure."

The 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy is owned by the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum in Huntsville, Ala. where it is on display. GP-No. 1 was the only Ford pilot model tested at Camp Holabird and it was eventually returned to Ford. In 1948, Henry Ford II, then President of the Ford Motor Company, donated GP-No. 1 to The Henry Ford Museum. In September 1982 GP-No. 1 was sold to Randall Withrow at a Henry Ford Museum auction. Mr. Withrow said, "I remember I could not believe that the Ford Pygmy was being sold and I was the winning bidder. I later founded the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum and donated the Ford Pygmy as an important centerpiece to the collection. At the museum today, we continue to carefully maintain GP-No. 1 in its unrestored condition."

Randall Withrow proudly stands next to the 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 (Pygmy) after purchasing the “jeep” on 19 September 1982 at the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village public auction in Dearborn, Mich. Note the auction catalog in hand and yellow hangtag on mirror. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum)

The 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy on display at the Henry Ford Museum ca 1970s. GP-No.1 is almost entirely as it was when this photo was taken with the exception of the later model wheels and tires and the side view mirrors. All components have been maintained with the vehicle, however. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum)

The Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy is historically significant based on: (i) its testing at Camp Holabird in late 1940 which was an important event in the development of the "jeep;" (ii) its design contribution to the eventual standard military "jeep;" (iii) being the first prototype produced by Ford and oldest known example of the "jeep;" and (iv) its mostly unrestored condition. The Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy design is perhaps most notable as the first "jeep" prototype to feature a flat slatted front grille with integrated headlights which went on to become an iconic design element of the standardized mass produced WWII "jeep" and subsequent commercial versions.

The 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy, during initial testing after delivery to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps at Camp Holabird in Baltimore on 23 November 1940. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum)

In 1941, the U.S. military contracted Willys-Overland and Ford for mass production of a standardized "jeep" that incorporated designs from each of the original three manufacturers. The final standard military design Willys-Overland MB used the "Go-Devil" four-cylinder engine as the standard engine. Ford manufactured the Willys-Overland engine under license for its GPW model ("W" for Willys). The Willys-Overland MB and Ford GPW models we near identical with interchangeable parts. American Bantam did not receive a contract to produce any of the standardized WWII "jeep" vehicles. The table below details the total production of the military "jeeps" prior to and during WWII

(Data courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum)

Following the war, Willys-Overland commercialized the "jeep" creating a civilian version known as the "CJ." On Jul. 13, 1950, Jeep® became a registered trademark of Willys-Overland. During the late 1940s the company launched the CJ-2A, CJ-3A, Jeep Station Wagon, Jeepster, pick-up and other trucks. Willys-Overland was sold to Kiaser Motors in 1953. In 1970, Kiaser-Jeep sold its Jeep operations to American Motors Corporation (AMC). Chrysler Corporation then purchased AMC in 1987. Today the Jeep® brand is owned by FCA, USA, LLC a member of the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. family of companies. Neither Ford nor American Bantam pursued commercialization of the "jeep" following the war.

The U.S. military 1/4 ton four-wheel-drive reconnaissance truck almost immediately became known as the "jeep." There were numerous inquiries about the origin of the "jeep" development including the name — and none were conclusive.

Common assumptions include "jeep" as a military term that was sometimes used to describe new untested equipment, the "jeep" character in the Popeye cartoon (1930s), and interpretation of the Ford "jeep" model name "GP."

The term became popular after a press conference on the steps of the U.S. Capitol Building on February 20, 1941 that resulted in a Washington Daily News story that called the "Army's new scout cars," in this case represented by the Willys-Overland Pilot Model, "quads or jeeps." Willys-Overland claimed in their eventually successful U.S. Trademark filing the first use of the term "jeep" was Nov. 20, 1940.

The 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy is placed at the head of a row of rare and early “jeeps” at the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum, illustrating the vehicle’s lineage. From left to right: 1941 Ford GP (serial no. 9911), 1941 Bantam BRC (serial no: 1208), 1941 Willys MA (serial no. 85504), and 1941 Willys MB “Slat Grill” (serial no. 102157 and serial no. 105312). (Photo courtesy of the Historic Vehicle Association/Casey Maxon)

Over four months, the HVA worked closely with the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum to document GP-No. 1. This work included detailed photography; engineering drawings developed from a 3D scan of the vehicle; and extensive historic research on the early origins and military development of the "jeep." Financial and other support to complete this project has been provided by Shell Lubricants featuring Pennzoil®, Quaker State® and Shell ROTELLA®; Hagerty the world's leading classic car insurance provider; and FARO Technologies, Inc. makers of 3D measurement technology.

Technical Specifications – 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy

1/4 ton four-wheel-drive reconnaissance truck, approximate weight of 2150 pounds, approximately 42 hp, Ford 119.7 cid four-cylinder flathead engine, Spicer transfer case and axles, length: 133 inches; width: 60 inches; height: 56 inches and wheelbase 80 inches.

The 1940 Ford Pilot Model GP-No. 1 Pygmy is the first of the “jeeps” built to feature the now iconic flat grille design with incorporated headlights and vertical slats. This design was later adopted by Willys-Overland Motors, Inc. in the final WWII production “jeep,” the MB in 1941. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum/John Omenski)

About the Historic Vehicle Association

To learn more, visit: www.historicvehicle.org

The HVA is dedicated to preserving and sharing America's automotive heritage. In 2014 the HVA established the National Historic Vehicle Register program working with the U.S. Dept. of the Interior and Library of Congress to document historically significant automobiles in America's past. The HVA supported by nearly 400,000 individual historic vehicle owners and corporations such as Shell Lubricants, Hagerty and FARO Technologies, as well as individual benefactors. Please visit: www.historicvehicle.org