Navy Returns to World War I Wreck of USS San Diego
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Navy is continuing its survey of the wreck of the World War I U.S. Navy cruiser San Diego (ACR 6), on which six American Sailors lost…
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Navy is continuing its survey of the wreck of the World War I U.S. Navy cruiser San Diego (ACR 6), on which six American Sailors lost their lives when she was sunk as a result of enemy action 100 years ago off the coast of New York on July 19, 1918.
A joint team of divers, archaeologists, and analysts visited the wreck site last year and collected sensor data. However, the visual information collected was obscured by reduced visibility at the site and prevented archaeologists from making a definitive determination whether the ship was lost to an enemy mine or an enemy torpedo.
It is hoped this time of year will provide better visibility at the site allowing for the collection of better visual information that will make such a determination possible.
This survey follows up on one conducted last year from Sept. 11-15. The objective is to assess the condition of the wreck site and determine if the ship, the only major warship lost by the United States in World War I, was sunk as a result of a German submarine-launched torpedo or mine. Ultimately, data gathered will help inform the management of the sunken military craft, which lies only a few miles south of Long Island.
In addition to two days of survey time, participants will pause Thursday on the 100th anniversary of the loss of the ship to honor the service and sacrifice of the six American Sailors who lost their lives in defense of freedom when the ship was sunk.
The survey is being led by the Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC), but is being conducted as part of a training exercise for Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit Two. This dive is part of an ongoing partnership to use Navy wreck sites which provide valuable, non-intrusive, training for the diving, salvage, and rescue community. The mutually beneficial training also results in current information on the condition of sunken military craft for NHHC’s Underwater Archaeology Branch which is charged with managing the site.
The dives are being supported from the Military Sealift Command rescue and salvage ship USNS Grasp (T- ARS-51) and are being documented by a mass communication specialist from Expeditionary Combat Camera in what will be that command’s final operational mission before it is disestablished this fall after more than 100 years of service documenting fleet and military operations around the world.
The initial survey, led by the Naval History and Heritage Command’s Underwater Archaeology Branch was performed in partnership with the Coastal Sediments, Hydrodynamics, and Engineering Laboratory (CSHEL) of the University of Delaware’s (UD) College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment. Additional research support was provided by the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD), and the Fire Island U.S. Coast Guard Station (USCGSFI) will provide essential logistical support.
The survey team from last September was able to determine that in general terms the wreck appears to be in good condition despite the influence of the environment and decades of unauthorized disturbance. However, it is continuing to deteriorate amidships where the explosion occurred. This degradation was not previously noted during a 1995 survey of the site. Still, overall, the wreck retains integrity and is structurally balanced for a 100-year-old wreck site.
NHHC is responsible for the management, research, preservation, and interpretation of the U.S. Navy's collection of sunken military craft which includes more than 2,500 shipwrecks and 14,000 aircraft wrecks dispersed globally.
“Studying sunken military craft offers researchers a glimpse into the lives of the Sailors who served in them, as well as the Navy and the nation they served,” said NHHC’s Underwater Archaeology Branch Head Robert Neyland, Ph.D. “We believe the modern remote sensing and interpretive tools at our disposal now will help our understanding of the site and maybe teach us something new about what caused San Diego to sink.”
Six American Sailors lost their lives when San Diego sank, which is one of the reasons Neyland and his team believe safeguarding such wrecks is important: many of them serve as war graves. Additionally, they may hold significant historical value, safeguard state secrets, or carry environmental or public safety hazards such as oil and ordnance.
“The survey will also help us fulfill a critical preservation part of our mission by assessing the site and determining how much damage has been done to the wreck in the past century by both natural environmental processes and unauthorized disturbance,” Neyland said.
The U.S. government takes any desecration of a war grave like San Diego, or unauthorized disturbance of any other sunken military craft very seriously. Whenever possible, the U.S. Navy works to enhance collaboration with partners including other U.S. government agencies, the recreational diving community and commercial fishing industry, as well as local authorities in areas where the wrecks are located to promote the preservation of these fragile historical and cultural resources. The wrecks are a testament to the sacrifice of the Sailors and Marines who served in them and their protection is part of NHHC's obligation to American Sailors to never forget their service and sacrifice.
Originally named USS California, the ship was renamed San Diego on Sept. 1, 1914, to bring the Navy into compliance with a policy of the time to reserve state names for battleships. By then the ship had been in service a little more than seven years after its commissioning Aug. 1, 1907.
Once commissioned, the ship became part of the 2nd Division of the Pacific Fleet and took part in the naval review for the Secretary of the Navy at San Francisco in May 1908. Aside from a cruise to Hawaii and Samoa in the fall of 1908, the ship operated along the west coast, sharpening her readiness through training exercises and drills, until December 1911, when she sailed for Honolulu, and in March 1912 continued "westward" for duty on the Asiatic station.
After this service, she returned home in August and was ordered to Corinto, Nicaragua which was embroiled in internal political disturbances. While there, the ship and crew protected American lives and property. She then resumed operations along the west coast cruising off California and kept a watchful eye on Mexico, which, at that time, also suffered from political disturbance.
After being renamed in September 1914, San Diego intermittently served as flagship for the U.S. Pacific Fleet’s commander-in-chief until an explosion in the No. 1 fire room put her in Mare Island Navy Yard in reduced commission through the summer of 1915. Two Sailors, Ensign Robert Webster Cary, Jr and Fireman Second Class Telesforo Trinidad, received Medals of Honor for actions to save their fellow crewmen during the fire that day. San Diego returned to duty as flagship through Feb. 12, 1917 when she went into reserve status until the U.S. entry into World War I. Placed in full commission on April 7 that year, the cruiser operated as flagship for the commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet’s patrol force until July 18, when she was ordered to the Atlantic Fleet. Reaching Hampton Roads, Va. on Aug. 4, she joined Cruiser Division 2 serving as the flagship of the commander of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet’s cruiser force until Sept. 19.
During her time in the Atlantic Fleet, San Diego's mission was the escort of convoys through the first dangerous leg of their passages to Europe. Based at Tompkinsville, N.Y., and Halifax, Nova Scotia, she operated in the weather-torn, submarine-infested North Atlantic, safely convoying all of her charges to the ocean escort.
On July 19, 1918, bound from Portsmouth, N.H. to New York, San Diego is believed to have been sunk by the German submarine, U-156, southeast of Fire Island, N.Y. The armored cruiser sank in 28 minutes with the loss of six lives, the only major warship lost by the United States in World War I.
USS San Diego Ship’s Characteristics
Displacement - 13,680
Lenghth - 503'11"
Beam - 69'7"
Draft - 24'1"
Speed - 22 knots (25.3 mph)
Crew Size Armament - 829
Four 8-inch guns
Fourteen 6-inch guns
Eighteen 3-inch guns
Two 18-inch torpedo tubes
The Naval History and Heritage Command, located at the Washington Navy Yard, is responsible for the preservation, analysis, and dissemination of U.S. naval history and heritage. It provides the knowledge foundation for the Navy by maintaining historically relevant resources and products that reflect the Navy's unique and enduring contributions through our nation's history, and supports the fleet by assisting with and delivering professional research, analysis, and interpretive services. NHHC is composed of many activities including the Navy Department Library, the Navy Operational Archives, the Navy art and artifact collections, underwater archeology, Navy histories, ten museums, USS Constitution repair facility and the historic ship Nautilus.
